Diverse contributions of nature to climate change adaptation in an upland landscape

Nature provides numerous functions and services that can contribute to societal climate change adaptation. These ‘adaptation services’ be sustained, latent, or novel, depend on persistence transformation of ecosystems, require varying co-production by people. Adaptation also include mitigation. We present an approach explore extensive set land use scenarios outline possible futures for a landscape, quantify the contributions adaptation services. quantified success across six criteria relevant region, characterised different types services, mapped spatial variation in landscape. built integrated model Mackenzie District (an upland landscape Aotearoa New Zealand), analysed 1200 hypothetical period 2060–2070. found many options, with 46% meeting successful Four two latent five novel co-produced through financial input made diverse economic profit, profit resilience, mitigation, risk adaptation, cultural heritage biodiversity. Successful were multifunctional, relying alternative combinations allowed heterogeneity. By accounting relationships between people natural components within complex systems, our advanced simulation inform participatory pathway development quantifying potential nature future